Walking into a tire store is like opening a box of crayons. So many to choose from but which is the right one for you? Summer ultra high-performance (UHP), all-season, winter, studs, no studs…the possibilities are endless. Ultimately, it depends on which part of the country you are in. We’re here to help break it down.
Summer UHP
A summer UHP tire is the perfect blend of dry and wet street performance. Traction, handling, cornering capability, braking distance, crisp steering response, these are all benefits of a summer UHP tire. These tires are not intended to be driven in snow or on ice as the compound does not respond well in extreme cold weather conditions. These tires can handle extra horsepower of sports cars but the tradeoff, they typically wear out before an all-season tire.
All-Season
All-season is a general term given to a tire designed for all-year-round longevity. This jack-of-all-trades design means it performs adequately but is not the best choice in summer nor winter conditions. Unfortunately, the term all-season is too broad of a term that cover a wide variety of tires with a wide variety of attributes. For example: All-terrain tires available for trucks and SUVs are considered all-season tires. But all-season tires can vary in tread compound hardness, siping, and tread voids. That means that some all-season tires will excel in the summer and perform poorly in the winter, while some all-seasons will perform better in winter.
While many vehicles are already outfitted with all-season tires, they will further benefit by adding a set of winter-specific tires when the temperatures dip below 45 degrees.
Winter
If you’re in a cold-weather area that sees the temperatures drop below 45 degrees Fahrenheit on a regular basis during the winter months (translation, snow and ice), you’ll want to change over to a winter tire for maximum traction and safety before the temperatures drop to freezing. You may wonder why a winter tire would be a better choice when you are already riding on an all-season tire with an M+S (mud and snow) rating, but there are clear differences between an all-season tire and a winter tire. The best tire in winter (or winter-like) conditions will always be a winter tire.
A winter tire is a dedicated tire meant to run at temperatures 45 degrees Fahrenheit and lower. It has a specific tread compound designed to perform in cold temperatures in snow, ice, rain and on dry pavement. Winter tires are available for cars, trucks, and SUVs, and are always the best choice for a winter-driven passenger vehicle when taking comfort, traction, ride, and safety into account. Winter tires should always be added to a vehicle in a full set of four and never just two on the driving axle.
Winter tires are made for passenger cars, light trucks, and SUVs. A winter tire is designed for packed snow and ice that is found on roadways in North America.
Let’s Break It Down
We’ve broken this discussion of summer, winter and all-season tire differences down into seven categories of tread compound, siping, tread depth, snow studding, tire life/tire wear, air pressure, and ride comfort.
Compound Differences
There are definite compound differences between the three tires outlined above.
Three basic kinds of compounds exist for DOT-approved street-driven tires: a summer compound, an all-season compound, and a winter tire compound.
- A summer compound is made to operate in higher temperatures, usually not under 50 degrees.
- An all-season compound is designed to balance both winter and summer duties on the same tire.
- A winter tire compound is made to operate in low temperatures (usually 45 degrees and less).
While an all-season tire will get you through the winter with decent traction on snow and ice, a winter tire has a specific (almost always softer) compound designed to remain pliable and enhance traction in cold climates. These same compound traits make a winter tire a poor choice to run during the summer because, in higher temperatures, the winter tire compound becomes even softer and distortion in the tread area can result in poor handling and rapid tire wear.
Siping Differences
Tire siping gives better traction in wet, snowy, and icy conditions, but too much siping will increase tread movement at the contact patch. To compensate for lots of siping, tire manufacturers can increase the compound hardness to inhibit tread squirm, but too hard of a compound will not be as good in cold weather (snow and ice).
Every sipe on a tire gives a biting edge for traction. The more sipes, the more biting edges. And winter tires tend to have more siping than all-season tires which tend to have more siping than summer UHP. But siping also allows for more tread squirm, reducing handling ability (cornering stability) due to the added flexibility thanks to the siping. As a trade-off, some all-season tires will have more siping but with a harder tread compound to reduce distortion. Other all-season tires will have less siping with a softer compound. A good winter tire has a balance of siping and tread compound that allows it to excel in rain, snow, and ice.
Tread Depth
Tread depth remains somewhat standard on most passenger car tires—winter, summer, or all-season—with somewhere between 9/32 and 12/32s of tread depth when new. Generally speaking, a deeper tread depth gives better traction in softer conditions like unpacked snow or mud. But too much tread depth can result in tread squirm on hard pavement. On packed snow, ice, or in rain, a tread depth of 4/32 will still provide an adequately safe and smooth ride.
Proper tread depth is essential to prevent hydroplaning and skidding. The minimum tread depth is 2/32nd of an inch (1.6 mm). Advanced and unusual wear can reduce the ability of tread to properly grip the road in adverse conditions. Visually check tires for uneven wear, looking for high and low areas or unusually smooth areas and any signs of damage. General Tire also offers their Replacement Tire Monitor technology in tires, such as the AltiMax RT43, G-MAX RS and G-MAX AS-05, to help make drivers’ visual inspections easier to read, alerting drivers when it’s time to replace tires.
Snow Studs
Adding snow studs is an option on some winter and all-season tires. Snow studs improve traction on ice, but not so much on snow. In North America there are two basic winter tires sold: studded and studless. A studded winter tire is not as pliable as a studless winter tire—often simply because you want to have a hard enough tread compound to keep the studs in place. Studded winter tires work well with studs, but a studable tire without studs will not work as well as studless winter tires with a softer winter compound.
Winter Tire Life/Tire Wear
All-season tires are made to be driven on all year round, thus the all-season name. This is the obvious attraction of the all-season tire. Winter tires are seasonal tires that are supposed to come off the vehicle and go back into storage during the summer. On a daily driver, you will likely get about three seasons out of your winter tires—not due to age and tread hardening, but due to tread wear caused by normal driving.
When installing previously-used winter tires, ask your tire installer to check if there is less than 2/32nd of tread depth on the tires. If so, you’ll likely need to purchase new tires before the end of the winter season, and you would actually end up saving money by purchasing new winter tires now and only paying for one mount-and-balance job (as opposed to paying twice: Once for mounting the old winter tires, and then again when purchasing new tires later in the winter season).
Tire Pressure
Tire pressures do not change between equivalent-sized winter and all-season tires on the same vehicle. Tire pressure should be dictated by the vehicle placard, usually found in the driver door jam, or vehicle owner manual.
Ride Comfort
The ride comfort is going to depend largely on tire carcass construction and tread compound. Construction of winter tires is designed for winter attributes. That being said, there are not large differences between all-season and winter tire construction, but there are compound differences. A winter tire’s winter-specific compound can create a smoother riding experience for passengers in cold climates. A studded winter tire can offer a bumpy ride as the studs come in contact with hard surfaces. The smoothest riding tire in cold climates will be a premium studless winter tire.
No matter if the car is a rear-wheel-drive, front-wheel-drive, or all-wheel drive, it will benefit from the use of a full set of winter tires in the snow. It is never recommended to only run a pair of winter tires on the driving axle. Instead, all four tires should be changed over to winter driving tires if doing so.
The General Grabber Arctic LT is a winter light truck tire with a winter tread compound and molded with holes for snow studs, should an owner decide to run studs. Generally, studded winter tires have a harder compound than studless winter tires. One reason for this is to keep the studs from squirming out of the tire.
The Grabber A/T X is an all-terrain (and therefore all-season) tire that is designed to be studable should the owner desire to add studs. It incorporates a larger tread depth than most other all-terrain tires at 14/32” to 16/32”, and has a pattern that works well in dry and wet weather. Due to its all-season rating, the tire’s compound is usable in both cold and hot temperatures, but does not excel in snow (without studs) like a winter-specific tire would.
The AltiMAX Arctic 12 is a winter-specific passenger-car tire with lots of siping built into the all-weather dual tread compound made specifically to offer high levels of traction at low temperatures.
The General AltiMAX RT45 is a good example of an all-season passenger car tire designed for good wet and dry traction, but not necessarily with a tread compound that is ideal for cold-weather use.